Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser .. Through the hopes and pains

(On the anniversary of his birth: the other 2 Spring 1336 e)

Samir Halabi



Nasser .. Absent present

Has not been a national figure or a popular leadership in the history of modern Egypt as far from controversy and received personal attention as Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Valbergm which was rumored about the dictatorship of Abdel Nasser and tyranny Bmardih, it has remained has Bjmahirip unprecedented and sweeping popular even among the generation that did not Iezareth, attributed to the heroism and glory, and woven around the stories amount to myths; until he became like one of the heroes of folklore, not in the minds of the Egyptians only; but in the consciousness and conscience of the Arab nation along the diameter of the Gulf to the ocean.

Despite the move towards a half-century of revolution, and more than thirty years of his death, it remains always present, absent all pros and cons.

The birth of "Nasser" and its origins

Born "Gamal Abdel Nasser" in Alexandria prior to the revolution of 1335 AH = 1919, which shook Egypt, and moved the conscience of the Egyptians, and fueled the revolution and national in their hearts, and sent the spirit of resistance against the colonizers.

His father was a "Abdel Nasser Hussain Khalil Sultan" had moved from his village, "built over" in Assiut; to act as an agent of the post office in Alexandria, Backus, was married to "Mrs. Fahima" daughter of "Mohammed Hammad," known coal merchant in Alexandria.

In his father's house - No. 12 Poet Dr Kanawati - Backus was born in the district (the other 2 of the Spring 1336 e = 16 January 1918).

His father was always traveling and moving from one town to another; Given the nature of his job was to make it that much does not remain in place.

"Beauty" in the house of his uncle

No sooner had eight-year-old until his mother died in (18 Ramadan 1344 H = 2, April 1926) which give birth, IV, "Shawki", was his uncle, "Khalil", which employs a staff of Endowments in Cairo, married a while ago, but it is not alive and the children, found in the sons of his brother's paternity missing and longing for lasting to children; took them with him to Cairo; to live with him, providing them with care and stability after the death of their mother.

After more than seven years on the death of "Mrs. Fahima" married Abdel Nasser of "Mrs. Malik Mustafa" in the city of Suez years (1352 e = 1933), and then he was transferred to Cairo to be enjoined to mail in the neighborhood "Khernfc" between the Uzbek and Abbasid ; where a rented house owned by Egyptian Jews, go "beauty" and his brothers to live with their father, after the transfer of his uncle, "Khalil" to one of the villages in Mahala, and was at that time students in first grade secondary school.

Jamal in his military career

When he got on the beauty of a baccalaureate degree from a school in Cairo, Egyptian Revival in the year (1356 AH = 1937), he longed to study law, but soon decided to enter the military academy, after spending a few months to study law.

Entered the military academy, was not college students as young as 90 students, known among his peers and his teachers Bastqamth and pride in himself and his inclination to a life seriously.

After graduating at the Military Academy the year (1357 = 1938) joined the Third Battalion Rifles, and was transferred to "Mnaqbad" in Assiut; Anouar where he met with Sadat, and Zakaria Mohiuddin.

In the year (1358 = 1939) was transferred to Alexandria, and there are known Abdel Hakim Amer, who had graduated in the next installment of his military academy, in the year (1361 = 1942) was transferred to the camp of El-Alamein, and soon moved to Sudan and with Amer.

When he returned from Sudan, he was appointed an instructor in the Military Academy, he joined the Faculty and Staff; He met during his studies with his colleagues who founded the organization "Free Officers".

Rebels and the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine war

The period between (1364 = 1945) and (1366 e = 1947 m) is the real start to form the nucleus of the Free Officers; was most of the officers, who have become - as yet - the Executive Committee of Free Officers, working in many of the units near Cairo, and was strong ties to their colleagues; Vksbwa including their supporters.

The War (1367 = 1948 AD) was the spark that ignited the determination of these officers to revolt against corruption, after the catastrophe suffered by the Arab world in Palestine.

In the meantime, many of these officers already engaged in the ranks of the "Muslim Brotherhood", who had a prominent role in the Palestine war, and strengthened the relationship here between the "Muslim Brotherhood" and military officers, especially the Free Officers.

The emergence of the Free Officers




Nasser .. Dictator in the eyes of his critics leader in the eyes of his fans

In the summer of 1368 = 1949 matured the idea of ​​establishing a revolutionary organization in secret in the army, and formed the founding committee included at the beginning of only five members, they are: Gamal Abdel Nasser, Kamal El Din Hussein, Hassan Ibrahim, Khalid Mohiuddin, Abdul Munim Abdul Rauf, and then increased thereafter to ten, having joined by: Anwar Sadat, Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul-Latif Baghdadi, Zakaria Mohiuddin, and Jamal Salim. Remained outside the Commission of: Tharwat Okasha, Ali Sabri, Yousef Mansour friend.

At that time, was appointed Gamal Abdel Nasser, an instructor at Staff College, and gave him the rank of Bekbashy (submitted), after receiving a Diploma of Staff General (1370 = 1951) following his return from the war in Palestine, and had been trapped and a group of his comrades in the "Fallujah "More than four months, and the number of air raids during the siege raid 220.

Returned after seeing a particular death, claiming the lives of his soldiers and his colleagues, who refused to surrender to the Jews, and resist, despite the violent siege, limited, and fought Pfdaiip rare and starring unique; until the lifting of the blockade (Jumada II 1368 = March 1949).

Access to power

In (the first night of November 1371 = 23 July 1952), the revolution; not met little resistance, and did not fall into that night, but only two casualties, two soldiers who were killed when the storm into the GC.

The Free Officers had chosen "Mohamed Naguib," head of the movement, and that he has a respect and appreciation of military officers; for a reputed and patriotism, as well as being a high rank in the army, which supports the revolution and gives great support; either by the officers, or by the masses of the people.

Abdel-Nasser is the actual head of the founding committee of the Free Officers; and then grew up a fierce power struggle between him and Mohamed Naguib, just that ends with Abdel Nasser in his favor in (17 Rabi I 1374 AH = 14 November 1954), after he was arrested Mohammed Najib , and select his residence at his home in a humiliating manner, and by himself alone power.

Abdel Nasser and the Muslim Brotherhood .. The liquidation of opponents

He was able to make a deal with Britain for the evacuation of its troops in Egypt (21 Safar 1374 AH, 19 October 1954).

It soon ran into a group "Muslim Brotherhood" (allies of yesterday), who contributed greatly to the success of the revolution and the consolidation of its foundations, what they enjoyed great popularity from the base and the impact of a strong rally.

Abdel Nasser, arrested thousands of members of that group; Flaqgua forms of torture and abuse, and have held mock trials, ended in the execution number of the symbols of the Islamic trend, such as: the return of Abdul Qadir, Mohammad Farghali, and Sayyid Qutb ...

And began a campaign of liquidation of other dissidents, including communists, and spread to different syndicates; has been resolved Bar Council (the first May 1374 = 26 December 1954), and then followed by the Union of Journalists of the year (1375 = 1955).

Supporting the liberation movements in the Arab World

And head Abdel Nasser, after that settled him things, to achieve greater political gains at both the Arab and global levels; You can help play a significant role in the support and the support of the national liberation movements, and called for Arab unity in the face of alliances and blocs, the Western Conference was "Bandung," the year (1375 AH = 1955) point of departure to the outside world and the adoption of a policy of non-aligned, and raising the banner of positive neutrality, the rejection of political subordination of the major states, also called for resistance to alliances that aim to control the Arab countries.

The Abd Al-Nasser played a prominent role in supporting the Algerian revolution and the adoption of the liberation of the Algerian people in international forums, and also sought to achieve Arab unity; was the experience of unity between Egypt and Syria (Shaaban 1377 AH = February 1958) under the name "United Arab Republic", has been assumed is presidency after the waiver of the Syrian president "Shukri al-" to him from power, but it did not last more than three years.

Also supported Nasser's coup d'état carried out by "Abdullah wires" in Yemen year (1382 AH = 1962), and sent some 70 thousand troops to Yemen, which has led to strained relations between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, and has had bad effects that the depletion of Egypt's resources and weakening its military strength , and was the most severe consequences of such heavy military defeat suffered by the armed forces in the war (1387 = 1967).

Trend towards industrialization

Egypt has witnessed in the period from the early sixties to the pre setback economic revival and a large industrial, after the state began a new trend towards controlling the sources of production and means, through the expansion of the nationalization of banks and big companies and factories, and the establishment of a number of industrial projects, large, were concerned with Abdel Nasser the establishment of schools and hospitals, and provide employment opportunities for the people, culminating in the whole building the High Dam, which is the most important and greatest accomplishments at all; where fever Egypt from the dangers of floods, and also to increase the cultivated area by about one million acres, in addition to what has characterized as the first source to generate Electricity in Egypt, which provides energy for plants and major industrial projects.

Freedom and political life in the era of Nasser

Although the state of stability experienced by the country, and the growing political influence and the leadership role and popular Abdel Nasser, the expansion of their oppressive Bmardih, and gone to abuse them, and adults from repression and hostility of the elite society of intellectuals, politicians, even the writers and creators, who found in their thoughts a departure from the system that chosen to follow by all, and approaches drawn to cling to the Multazam omnes; did not believe in pluralism, or other opinion, did not allow another voice to rise elsewhere.

Summarized all the symbols and names in the same person, and dominated dictatorship to all; became Nasser's Egypt is, as he became the Nasser revolution is a symbol of freedom and struggle.

Growing role as far as reduced space of freedom available, the revolution is no longer a fledgling need protection and care so as not to invalidate the conspirators and in wait, and no longer suppress freedoms in order to maintain the revolution and the gains of socialism, but it became designated times and feature provision.

In spite of the broad-based election and Rant Bmcolat socialism and the rule of the people and political practices, the parliaments have seen underdeveloped and clear in their performance; was dominated by the ruling political party, a "Socialist Union" on the reins of power, and became the pride of affiliation is the only crossing to enter the parliament, also lost judicial independence In that period, following the formation of a number of special courts to consider certain issues; Vtm formation of the Revolutionary Court, the Court of treachery, and the People's Court and others, has been the legislative authority of the executive branch altogether.

And tried to Abdel Nasser, the introduction of the judiciary in the political organization, and re-drafting of restructuring the judiciary through the introduction of elements of non-members, and when challenged by the judiciary; rejecting that direction, the massacre of the judiciary famous; stallion men, at the same time established the Supreme Constitutional Court to monitor the constitutionality of laws, and the abolition of what comes out is incompatible with the principles of the Constitution.

Abdel Nasser in his private life

The testimony of his opponents a fair and lasting yet high energy and away from favoritism or influence peddling, and was careful not to distinguish one from his family for the rest of the people.

As he stood by the values ​​and principles, maintaining the traditions; When he visited Greece in the year (13 809 e 1960) refused to put his hands in the hands of Queen of Greece; even his wife does not have to adhere to the Protocol is the other, and do like it with the king of Greece.

Did not show his wife, Mrs. "greeting Kazim" in public life only in the late; even year (1379 AH = 1959) did not appear only in the two shows officials.

He was terrified of the life of palaces, and always justified by saying: "In the Palace will live all of us in the private wing, and thus will become disjointed family, but here in our house we all live together and eat together and reassure all of us on the other."

And remains in office until the early hours of dawn, while his wife was sitting in the corner of his office are running the same room embroidery or needlework; so as not to leave him with it in the same household.

From defeat to step down

The defeat (1387 = 1967) as the earthquake that shook the whole of Egypt, it was the biggest defeat suffered military defeat in Egypt in modern history.

This was not the war is the first episodes of the Egyptian-Israeli conflict; had been preceded by several rounds, the first Palestine war that the resolution of treachery and employment and treason results in favor of the Zionist enemy greedy in the land of Palestine and the Arab-Muslim, then it was an incident in Gaza (5 Rajab 1374 AH = 28 February 1955), when Israel killed 42 soldiers Egyptians, and Israel resulted in ugly face and overt hostility in the tripartite aggression against Egypt in the year (1386 = 1956). In the war (1387 = 1967) Egypt lost 10 thousand fighters, and 1500 officers, and about 80% of its military forces, have been destroyed the Egyptian air force and the occupation of Sinai.

That prompted a stinging defeat Abdel Nasser to the Declaration of stepping down from power, and willingness to bear the consequences; because he considers himself primarily responsible for what happened to the country; went public asking him to stay and invites him to reverse his decision to step down.

And quickly changed the idea of ​​stepping down, and took quick steps towards the liquidation of the centers of power and the rebuilding of the army, which was destroyed by the defeat, and began to stage a serious war of attrition against Israel, he was fighting from behind to strikes blow to Israel; order to drain its power, and try to rebuild confidence in the hearts of Egyptians, and continued the war until (Jumada II 1390 H = August 1970) after the "Rogers".

Fratricidal strife

And to broadcast to the Arab nation ravaged by the winds of war again, but this time it was a war between brothers; the war broke out between Jordan and the Palestinians in the (zero 1390 = April 1970).

Abdel Nasser, and make great efforts to contain the situation, and dealing with the disaster; called to convene an Arab summit; to stop the bloodshed between brothers, and put an end to war and conflict, and clear the air among the Arabs.

On the day of the Conference, which ended Abdel Nasser died suddenly, after Egypt and let the other guests participating in this Conference (27 Rajab 1390 = 28 September 1970).