Stories baffled scientists .. Of the deadly curse of the Pharaohs

Stories baffled scientists .. Of the deadly curse of the Pharaohs

What is the story of the curse of the Pharaohs????
Is it really true ..! Fantasies and not just coincidences??
Facts in our story,
Anbad the reality of the curse of the Pharaohs just for a word (just a coincidence)!

(Not open coffin, with its two wings Vsivbh death anyone who dares to trouble us )....

This statement was found in the tomb of Pharaoh (Tutankhamen) when discovered in 1922
This statement is a statement of death for all who dare try to dig in the graves of the Pharaohs

Of course, archaeologists Okchwoaalcyprma who cared for the words (because in our time what people believe in pagan beliefs and curses),
And, of course, everyone knows that the pharaohs were Ebeno graves luxurious Ihto where precious treasures and then Ihnto people after their death
And Tnagafl cemetery (Ashanhm Iatkdr claimed that the deceased was due to life once more) and
(I expect scientists Bhasbb deny the story, and damn it Atqo Old intimidation, no more because Iboa treasures found inside the cemetery costume mask of Tut Ammon Gnk precious).

And, of course Hassoa archaeologists and the owner of this discovery, who Esmoh (Howard Carter) and
Funded campaign (Lord Carnarvon) great joy as they are claimed become famous because of this discovery

But after a heck of strange things have become vague stirred controversy and confusion and would have said no explanation of science
On the day of the celebration of the official campaign Avctahalmcyprp wounded financier Lord (Carnarvon) mysterious fever Maarafo her doctors interpretation
In the middle of the night in Cairo and Matt Lord strangest Ono at the same time of his death cut off all electricity in Cairo for no reason

After Heck rolled calamities and death began to reap the vast majority who either Denso or the cemetery in the celebration of Charcot !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

(Can we conclude from Hahei Anu threat to the cemetery who was honest!!?)

Most of the deaths were caused by mysterious fever with delirium and tremors lead to death and it exceeds the incidence of fever
Because I'm a secretary (Howard Carter) and then died for no reason at all enemy his father committed suicide and sadness for him!!!!
At the time of the funeral of common secretary, "Saad" horse who had been a vehicle coffin child Sgiromat!!
And Osibao lot of who contributed in one way or another in the discovery of the cemetery and some of them crazy Anthro without any reason

This baffled the archaeologists who were themselves in front of the mystery of what USA no explanation puzzle named it (the curse of the Pharaohs)

And Dr. (Izz al-Din Taha) is a Doctor in Biology Msran fungi and toxins we may sober Pharaohs Ntroha over their graves
Bacteria and who is active on the skin of the mummy dissolved (Oki Chloe convincing .. but how Evsro madness and death, surprise and suicide??)

Dr. (Izz al-Din Taha) Atovy after this statement a few weeks in a car accident!
And remained a legend of the curse of the Pharaohs Matjrot pending and any official statement on what is really going!!
And archaeologists Ischofoa that this curse was just a myth and that death can there be a coincidence

(Evidenced by Ono (Howard Carter) his discovery of Almcyprpma Sarlo anything!) ..
As for the opinion of Muslim scholars on the subject Galo .. Llano be impossible for him to Ono thing, contrary to the religion in a definite (but can be magic)
And still it is impossible to be a coincidence Valsdvp not be repeated in this format but for all this explanation as may be illustrated with the passage of time
This myth remains a myth .. the curse of the Pharaohs ........... Swing (between fact and fiction).

Gamela Bouhrid

Gamela Bouhrid

Qalmrop which was applauded by the world's long love and happiness and appreciation, is the woman who wake up the martyrs from their tombs if they spoke, and the history Vsirca under her feet in reverence and of being heard, is the character chosen by history to be among the top five political figures printed the twentieth century * It is not just a name sounding in Arab history, Algerian, it is a symbol shining symbols of Arab dignity and human freedom, is the embodiment of the tendency of the Bible about all that is beautiful in human life, it is a poem in the dust of conscience, Algerian, Arab and humanitarian, it is a tree fruit and immortal in the soil of spirit and water, dream and blood national liberation and national and humanitarian *


Algeria mistress great fear and it is ready to Tvdia including the remainder of their age and body skinny and weak sight *
Only the great people know the meaning of silence, so I pulled out simply and in silence complete as any object or wounded, fled inside mirrors oblivion and chose to silence honest, frightening, Jabbar, and the Galilee, many years · and they know when to find his silence it at the right moment scream screaming majestic: O Algeria, national O O I O O martyrs of our neighborhoods and neighborhoods shot dead for life so as not to remain in the dark basement so long as there are those who insist on stealing the sun and the poor hard-working and as long as the stolen robber bless *



Many consider that the beautiful Bo Aked are the most prominent of struggling for freedom in the twentieth century. But the information available for this heroine, which entered the history of the wider doors in the fifties and sixties of the last century, a few to a large extent, and for reasons too vague. In fact, it seems as if a veil is thrown over and around deliberately in an attempt to erase her name and send them to oblivion.

Information about the role - although significant - in the Algerian liberation revolution consists mostly of a few lines scattered here and there. It may be a very easy one to find sources of information and detailed information on a lot of nice guys in the struggle of those who played less important roles to their role. And that the result raises many questions about the reasons and motives, especially as it was hardly a city or town without an Arab street or school named after this great struggle.

It may be easy for us to understand the reasons for attempts to ignore them if we take into account the size of what made beautiful of the Algerian revolution, even after her arrest, or during trial or imprisonment, and the extent of its contribution to the success of the revolution, and later in establishing the importance of the national struggle against colonialism. But the sad thing is that official circles in the country that fought for freedom apologize, politely and exaggerated, from the lack of information on the beautiful Bo Aked, offering instead information about the other personalities. May make matters worse, an official in one of the embassies of Algeria informed me that the only thing available for a beautiful name that is reported to have the lists of martyrs of the revolution, note that the beautiful Bo Aked still alive until this moment.



Beautiful story does not begin with the outbreak of the revolution in 1954, but in fact in the year 1830, when France invaded Algeria and occupied after being consul for the insult at the hands of the ruling Algerian who holds the title of my parents. The Algerians fought bravely, but their enemy was superior to them, several in number. Over the next five decades, the most fertile lands were confiscated and given to French settlers arrived in number to a quarter million at a time when the number of the Algerian people has been steadily decreasing.

The years before the outbreak of the World War II, France has officially annexed Algeria to become the province of French in Africa. In spite of the refusal of the Algerian people to make the French, the occupation forces recruit youth Algeria to fight for France during the war. However, the post-war period was the most bloody for the Algerians of the war itself.

It was clear that France, which emerged victorious from the war, you will eat and launched promises to grant freedom to the Algerians had fought with them. It was natural that this will lead to the outbreak of peaceful demonstrations for months in a row to protest the ill-treatment of the occupation forces after the war (of the famous examples of this limited distribution of the news for Europeans only, while others were Vhsthm of rye bread). More than 15.000 people demonstrated in Mostaganem, without incident. But that soon changed when the French army of committing a terrible massacre in the streets of the town of Setif and its surroundings over the bug a few days in response to peaceful demonstrations.

In the eighth of May 1945, a day chosen to celebrate the Allied victory over Nazi Germany, thousands of Algerians gathered near a mosque in the town for a peaceful march that organizers had previously received approval by authorities. But the French forces which brought in from Constantine, the masses have not slowed much, where slots by fire from machine guns.

Within minutes, the bodies filling the streets of the neighborhood. Witnesses spoke of horrific scenes. It was the band of foreign mercenaries, the famous French military cruelty in the possession of children by their legs and beating their heads and rock walls, and Ibaqron stomachs of pregnant women, throwing grenades in the chimneys of houses to kill the occupants. Have also been those who tried to bury the dead massacres similar to fire machine guns amid the graves.

According to public records that the European settlers repulsed a gesture to demonstrate that they were encouraging their soldiers to kill everyone. Thus, the massacre has expanded over the next few days, invaded farms nearby villages with artillery, aviation use with your child did not get what all the artillery. The fall in the heinous massacre of more than 45.000 martyr Algeria.

Among the reports showing the horror of the event, that the colonel in charge of burying the dead was to blame because of slow at work, he replied: "You kill faster than our energy on the burial."!

The Setif and other similar events taught the Algerians a very important lesson: The French would never give them their freedom if you do not fight for it.

The general climate and beautiful Bo Aked was born and raised in middle-class family. She was educated at a French school, but soon joined the clandestine resistance movement by her brother. And then a dashing young girl with beauty and daring too.

Has worked during the years of the revolution as a liaison agent for the commander Saadi. The unconfirmed reports that she was at some time in charge of armed operations in the capital, Algiers.

The Algerian Revolution of 1954-1965 and one of the most powerful of the struggles against colonialism, which swept through those contracts in Asia and Africa. The first operation went out of the revolution in the first of November 1954, when the guerillas attacked the National Liberation Front, Algeria force in the eastern Aures Mountains. The French then morale suffers a lot after the humiliating defeat suffered by their forces in the battle of Dien Bien Phu, which spelled the end of the French occupation of Indochina, and thus the end of French colonial empire.

The armed struggle was substantial support, especially in rural areas and among the villagers. In the cities, the popular neighborhoods such as the Casbah in the capital, and provided excellent support to the fighters, and became semi-prohibited entry into the occupation forces. The mass demonstrations broke out in the Algerian cities where demonstrators were responding to the Israeli occupation forces with their bare chests, undaunted by death.

French threw all their strength in the face of the revolution, and used the entire army supplied with the latest NATO's weapons. Was attended by well over 400.000 French soldiers in the battles over seven and a half years, in addition to more than two thirds of the Air Force and half the navy. The French also used the most refined in the fight against the national struggle. In addition to tanks and aircraft, and naval blockade, the electric fences used to close the border with Tunisia and Morocco, and established networks connected to the various parts to isolate and hunt the militants, and wiped from the face of the earth more than 8.000 villages in a scorched-earth policy. Did not fall short of resorting to various ways in the complex and diabolical, including terrorism, espionage and torture to suppress the revolution.

The Algerian people are the victims of thousands every day, and the number of martyrs more than a million, and that more than two and a half lost their homes. The city streets were filled with more than 300.000 children are orphans, with 300.000 forced to flee to Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, where there are additional rules formed the liberation struggle.


Bo Aked was beautiful and one of the hundreds of thousands of activists who wrote them, unfortunately, fall into the hands of the enemy. Was arrested during a raid by French troops and accused of planting a lot of explosives and explosive devices in the capital, which claimed the lives of many of the French. After the torture she was tried in July 1957, convicted and sentenced to death.


But her French lawyer, a strong believer in the right of peoples to self-determination, was not prepared to accept defeat in her case. Thus, the lawyer, Jacques Verges, a public relations campaign and the world covering a wide Bzwayah four, and gained from this cause, and the subsequent similar cases, international fame. The results of the overwhelming pressure of world public opinion in favor of the champion beautiful Bo Aked a decisive impact in forcing the French to postpone the execution of the sentence to death. In 1958, transferred to the prison of Reims.

At the political level, after heavy casualties for both sides, was signed in May 1962 Evian agreements and declare the independence of Algeria. And France had begun months before, and with the progress of the negotiations, the release of Algerian prisoners gradually. When he was released a beautiful, married, after months of her lawyer who embraced Islam and took the name of Mansur.

After independence, assumed the presidency of the beautiful women of Algeria, but was forced to fight for every decision and action taken because of its dispute with the then president, Ahmed Ben Bella. Before the passage of two years, decided it could no longer possible enough, and leave the political arena. She continues to live in the French capital so far, a devoted housewife. But the few times that have appeared in front of people proved that the world is still considered a symbol of national liberation
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Al-Nasser Salah al-Din

Al-Nasser Salah al-Din

Al-Nasser Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub is Hazi Bin Bin Marwan. Abu Muzaffar, Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din of the most famous kings of Islam. His father and his family from the village (Dwayne) - a village in eastern Azerbaijan - the belly of the tribe of Kurdish Alrup. Hazi and had two sons: Ayoub and SA, their father took them to Tikrit, where the boy was born to Job called him Joseph, the grandfather died (Hazi). In Tikrit, took Job's father, Joseph works, and then came out with his brother, SA to Mosul and entered in the service of the owner Imad ad-Din and the King of Imad Eddin Baalbek 533 e gone by Ayoub, and shortly after the killing of Imad al-Din in the castle Ja'bar years 541 Vlazem Ayoub and SA service his son Nur al-Din Mahmoud owner of Damascus and Aleppo, and Nala has praised position, dubbing Job title star of religion and dubbed the title of Lion SA religion and dubbed the title of Salah al-Din Yusuf. In the year 558 AH Subscribe to Salah al-Din with his uncle, a lion of religion in the campaign addressed to Nur al-Din to Egypt to help Schauer bin endorser Saadi and Minister of synergy Fatimid against his opponent Dhargam bin Amer Allkhmi The campaign led mission after a battle that killed Dargham and re-consulted to the ministry and was Dargham may be wrung out of it. He returned a lion debt, Saladin to Damascus. He thereupon invoked synergy Fatimid light-Din Mahmud to save him from the shower the existential power, Vingda second campaign led by a lion debt Cerkoh and his nephew Salah al-Din, and when she entered the campaign to Egypt, fled the shower and then was arrested and killed, and adorned synergy ministry Lion religion has been given, and died after a few Vtqldha of months after his nephew Joseph, surnamed synergy King Muzaffar Salah al-Din he withdrew power and it started firmly. Since his illness is a disease synergy cut Salahuddin sermon on synergy and speeches to the Abbasid caliphate Almstadhae shuddered to do so by order of God the rule of the Fatimid state and became the Salah al-Din is the owner of power in Egypt.

In 569 AH died Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Imad ad-Din was succeeded by his son, Ismail Saleh, and he was young, she was greatly troubled affairs of the country Sham and Al-Jazeera was invited to Salah al-Din tuned. Turned to the year 570 AH rima warmly received by her family and then took on Baalbek and Homs, Hama and Aleppo. Then abandoned for the good of the king of Aleppo and Ismail went to two Jalilin: one for internal reform in Egypt and the Levant, and the second payment of raids to attack the Crusaders and their fortresses and castles in the Levant. Castle architecture which began Egypt and established the schools and monuments. Then cut off from Egypt after his death by the year 578 AH, as followed by a series in front of incidents of raids and repel attacks crusade in the Holy maize, Vcgleth rest of his life, and condemned to Salah al-Din of the country of the last border of Nubia in the south and Cyrenaica in the west to Armenia, north and the country's island and Mosul in the east, and was the greatest victories of the Crusaders in Palestine and the coast-Shami on Hittin in 583 AH, which was followed by recovery of Tiberias, Acre and Jaffa beyond Beirut and then the opening of Jerusalem in 583 AH and facts on the doors pictures Vdvaa glorious for Acre ended to get out of hand years 587 after he met with his war king Franca and England Bjeechehema and their fleets, and finally making peace with the King of England Richard the Lion Heart on the coast to keep the Crusaders from Acre to Jaffa Haggaghm be allowed to visit Jerusalem and Ashkelon, and that the destruction of the coast to the south of Salah al-Din. Richard returned to his country and went Salah al-Din of Jerusalem after it is built, including schools and hospitals and then stayed in Damascus for a little over his death. Saladin was a brave, gallant, struggling in the way of God, was fond of spending for the sake of God, and the bus boards, the people of science and literature. He was a lover of justice, sitting in every Monday and Thursday in a general council attended by judges, scholars and up to the large and small, old-Sheikh, is seeking his one and only answered right back for detection. Repealed in the year 572 AH Excise (Fees), which was taken from the pilgrims in Jeddah and Mecca offset by Amir Dawood bin Isa bin Fleth in all eight thousand years old and holds ardebs wheat scattered like the people in the Two Holy Mosques: Makkah and Medina.

Saladin to the prestige of a thin self-defense, the heart, on the severity of heroism, and was a man of policy and the war, far-sighted, humble with his soldiers and princes of his army, he feels it seeks nearness love mixed with prestige. Him well informed on the side of modern jurisprudence and literature, especially the Arabs and the genealogy Oukaiahm. Not spared himself neither wealth nor property and the duration of his rule in Egypt and Syria 24 years old 19 years old, and behind the boys 17 and a son and a female one. To indexers many books in his life, including: the book (Raudhatain) to Abu Shama in the history of his country and the State of Nur al-Din Mahmud, the book (Ana Bowl beauties Yusufiya) Ibn Shaddad, the so-called biography of Saladin, the book (Lightning Shami) in News conquests and incidents of Syria in the days of the pillars of religion and writer ( Alinvh bows in al-Fath Shrine) of the pillars of religion, too, and (Salah al-Din and his time) of Muhammad Farid Abu Hadid and (the life of Salah al-Din) for the Egyptian Ahmed Bile. Died Saladin Citadel of Damascus for 57 years and voices were raised in the country to cry. Apparent best for his son Nur al-Din Ali after him and his deputy on Damascus.

Muhammad Ali Pasha

Muhammad Ali Pasha

Ali Pasha city of the words of one of the cities in Greece the year in 1769 and his father was Ibrahim al-Agha, head of the guard guarding the road in the town and had a seventeen and a boy did not live them are Muhammad Ali, has died, his father and lived an orphan no more than fourteen years of age Vkvlh uncle Toson, who died Vkvlh Friend the father of the city's governor, "mill"

Saw life ((Mohammed Pasha governor, when he reached the peak Muhammad enrolled in the wire jihad and soon appeared courage and then married a niece of the acting and the words were so rich and gave birth to Abraham and Ishmael and Toson and devoted himself to trade, especially trade in smoke

However, he soon returned to military life, when attacked Napoleon Bonaparte to Egypt and proceeded to the Sublime Porte, or Turkey

Thus, Muhammad came over to Egypt and participated in the recent fighting between the British and the Turks and the French side of the other, and his name appeared in an attack on the Turkish army and helped him luck Rahmaniya withdrawal of the French fortress of Rahmaniya Vaanlha Mohammed on without trouble.


Mohammed entry to Egypt


Under Muhammad Ali in Egypt and saw the end of the French campaign on Egypt and in the meantime had been promoted to the rank of senior officers he received the rank of Bkbai before the departure of the French and then promoted him Khusraw Pasha to the rank of "The Secret Jcmh" or a brigade, and was at that time the conflict going on in Egypt for power


England carried out on 27 March, 1802 to hold a reconciliation known to agree to AMIENS Amiens between France and England, the Netherlands, Spain and the conditions of this peace the British evacuation from Egypt, as the war between the Mamelukes and the Turks have intensified


Muhammad began to arrange for the same plan not preceded by a one friendly to the Egyptian people and the swaying of its leaders to reach the summit of power, especially after the people's revolution against the Mamluks in March 1804 m from the high incidence of grievances and raise taxes on the Egyptian people


As well as attack the Mamluks and the large number of Albanian soldiers to the people began to Muhammad Ali in the meantime, in his appeal to the Egyptian people and mingled with the common folk and joined to the sheikhs and scholars, in the year in the year 1805 a revolution took place in Cairo against the Turks began when soldiers attacked

Aldlap - Soldiers of the elements of the Ottoman Empire - on the people of ancient Egypt and took them out of their homes and looted their homes gathered scientists and went to the Governor Khurshid Pasha and Kataboh put an end to the atrocities of soldiers Aldlap but that the Governor could not do something I started the revolution takes its way against the governor and Turkish soldiers


Here, take Mohammed to the evolution of the events of this movement to and supported by advocates of the people as he did in the people's revolution against the Mamluks, and in the meantime try to keep Khurshid Pasha Muhammad Ali of Egypt, where he succeeded in making the Porte firman issued royal tradition of Mohammed on the mandate of Jeddah

However, the Egyptian people and their leaders and scientists who had issued his sack Khurshid Pasha, the Ottoman viceroy and the appointment of Muhammad Ali, ruler of Egypt instead, May 13, 1805 m and thus take over the rule of Mohammed Ali Pasha of Egypt at the behest of her children



Massacre of the Mamluks


Massacre of the Mamelukes by the famous year 1226 H / 1811, where he was Mohamed Ali Pasha had to throw out his son Toson Pasha vector to the Hijaz to this party called the Mamluks

Offering Janissaries and Mamelukes and walked everyone to the door lone sat down soldiers Janissaries, the slope first and then followed by the Mamluks even if it comes out another soldier Inkhari door closed door Azab, and then issued in favor of Agha Qoj orders to the soldiers Vansilwa behind the Mamluks and climbed the rocks surrounding the Darb Royal Cliff and shot each hand, the Mamluks were not spared from the massacre but the Secretary-your-Alfy, who was able to climb the walls of the castle and jump immunity where they had fled to Syria and thus able to Muhammad Ali Pasha, that it would destroy the remnants of the Mamelukes and the Janissaries.


Aspects of the advancement in the era of Muhammad Ali


Interested in the advancement of Egypt in all fields

1 - interest Mohammed Ali Pasha, the organization of the Egyptian army on the latest military systems

2 - Architecture

Architecture, which is characterized by Boutrz new and imported to Egypt was mostly due to Brian bring Mohammed to many of the engineers and workers

For the construction of many buildings, whether religious or civil or military began appearing in the patterns of Turkish, Albanian and European countries as a result of the influx of these items on Egypt in the nineteenth century on the architecture and the arts we know this model in the historians as the "style turkey."


Now there is a list of where the organization opened its lanes and routes and rail traffic and easy to become the people in Egypt follow in their buildings and modern architectural styles assigned Mohamed Ali Pasha

Engineers and observers of the buildings to go around the cities for the detection of housing and the role of the old and the owners order the demolition and reconstruction of the things people were unable to evacuate and the government restored it at their own expense to be after that of the State Property


3 - Education


Interest Mohammed Ali Pasha in Egypt, education in its different forms
By Mohammed Ali Pasha put paid to girls education in Egypt, despite his confrontations of the great difficulties was the strong opposition from the Turks on the one hand and backwardness and ignorance that reigned in Egypt from the other hand, given the many rifts and disagreements and conflicts between the Mamelukes and the Turks and here began in the spread of different schools to teach the children of the Egyptian people, including military schools such as school mast or knights in Giza Artillery School Boutrh complex schools Khanka, music schools and other military schools, also there were many other schools, such as the School of Languages ​​and the School of birth and medical school or a school Kasr Al-Aini School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agriculture and other schools.

4 - Industry


Industry, which evolved a great deal in his reign, which became the second mainstay of the country after education in all its forms and in particular to keep up with military regimes that existed in Europe, so do not rely on Egypt to bring

All their needs from abroad, which would make it at the mercy of the major powers on the one hand and the depletion of state resources on the other hand to the side that most of the raw materials used in the industry was already present in Egypt as well as the availability of human resources, and so was the establishment of several factories and was the first factory government in Egypt is a factory Khernfc of the fabric and that was in the year 1231 AH / 1816, then started, following the factories, whether military or other which led Muhammad to to follow a special policy for the advancement of those factories started first using experts and craftsmen from European countries to produce cadres of Egyptian heads of workers and policymakers, technicians, and replace replace Foreigners gradually.


The split in the new industries introduced by Mohammed Ali Pasha to Egypt into three sections:

I

The processing industries and was in the manufacture of machinery ginning and pressing cotton, and in rice mills and factories, processing, and processing of indigo to dye, and oil presses and factories for the manufacture of chemicals as the Muhammad Ali replaces the ancient methods in the industry and the introduction rather than machines, whether mechanical or which are run by steam and pistons

Section II

It is a manufacturing-related industries, weaving and fabric of all kinds,

Section III

A war industries has begun to Muhammad Ali Pasha, in which after the war, Wahhabi years 1811 - 1819 m, where he established the first arsenal or a home for the industry Citadel - Workshops Bab Al Azab - to be the latest systems, the European at the time of coming in Ordnance Factories then across Egypt, this has been that which was included in some aspects of the Renaissance in Egypt in the era of Mohamed Ali Pasha Abdou Basha
25-07-2006, 10:58 AM

Princess Diana

Princess Diana

Princess Diana lived within the confines of a noble family descendants back to the era of the first king of Britain, the late Charles II, which is more noble ancestors of her family and the aristocracy. The noble born Diana Frances Spencer in 1961, corresponding to the first day of the month of July to July - in the palace of her family known Bpark House on time. And has given birth and her mother Frances Shand Kidd Countess by two daughters are Alnpiltan Sarah and Jane Spencer.

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Palace Althorp, who lived in which Princess Diana

The father of Princess Diana is noble, John Spencer, who became the death of his father Earl for a boycott of the eighth and inherited Althorp, which Spencer family since the twelfth century. And his assumption of office this the noble, and this title became a high-Diana and her sisters know Ballide Spencer. These titles won by Diana's family and ancestors by one of the most noble titles and status in Britain, are preparing Vhamiloha of ancient aristocratic families, and close to the royal family. And the death of her grandfather for a boycott of the seventh Earl of Althorp, Diana's family moved to the Palace and her grandfather and her father began to exercise his functions Kiirl through the auspices of the provincial population and supervision of the tasks entrusted to him by the British royal family.
Diana, were not you feel happy inside the perimeter of the noble family shattered by continuous disputes between her parents splitting up, which ended in divorce in 1969. While the occurrence of divorce Diana was still a little girl at the age of 6 years. The great void left by the mother of Lady Small was the cause of her grief and involve severe and weaknesses in educational attainment, they did Diana Khqigueteha superior academically, but on the contrary, in spite of its superiority and creativity marked in sports activities and charity by the school, which joined the them.
The Umayyad compassion reflected in the character of Lady small since infancy, has shouldered Diana trouble raising her younger brother Charles, who was born in 1964 and which did not exceed four years until the divorce between her parents. Diana has always loved her younger brother, love Omoya making it a sad parting when they decide to enter the boarding school in the district, which forced her to stay away from her brother and his vision only during the holidays.
Diana always thought it is a beautiful girl and very overweight!
Four years after the divorce of her parents, Earl Spencer decided to get married for the second time the Countess Raine Dartmouth, which enter the family home of the family's life changed gradually. Does not satisfy the girls, the existence of alien life and in fat and especially Diana was loved and loving father, and thought that the Countess will stand a barrier between them and her father. Wife did not like the boys father, which has become arrogant and controlling each part of the family life of the moral and physical, are decided and implemented and the person's boss at the palace, which boosted the size of her children and hatred of women Tlguibaa contaminated! Although Hqaop children and their distaste for their father's wife, but the marriages of the second Earl had been successful and unsuccessful.
By virtue of their relationship with the historic British royal family was Lady Diana and her siblings of the guests accustomed in the palace of Queen Elizabeth's Summer in the province of her father Bolthorb, has used Diana to visit the children of Queen young Andrew and Edward to play with them or bathing in the pool the Grand Palace, which was one of my best hobbies! Lady Diana is also used to see the Queen and her constantly partying and participating property and fishing trips, accompanied by her brothers. As they were calling on behalf of the Queen Aunt Ilept acronym for the name of Elizabeth!

Despite her young age, and judgment link the deep friendship that linked her older sister Sarah Young Prince and the Crown Prince Charles, but that Diana Bhqautea and the beauty and spontaneity captured the heart of the prince, who fifteen years her senior. Have long known the young prince against his poise in his relations with women in his youth, he has stuck to a lot of rumors promoted by the popular press, which linked many of the princesses of Europe, but he denied all such rumors and said he would not decide to get married until in 35 years of age , and which served as the ideal age for marriage for him.
Parameter children beautiful Diana escort children to school!
When it ended Diana's high school, decided her father sent to the French institute in Switzerland to complete the study, but the Lady naughty and which have long described themselves as stupid and that "my mind the size of a peanut," I decided not to complete the study of the difficulty of the laws of the Institute, which forced students to study in French, she returned Diana Althorp scheduled to travel to the city of London, where she lives and her sisters and her mother and stability there. Diana and already established in London, where her father gave her a luxurious apartment in the city as a gift in Kensgton Holiday eighteenth birthday. And has decided to Diana's work in London as an educator of a child american named Patrick and work extra hours as a teacher for children in the custody of Pimlico in central London where the children learn singing and dancing - things have always managed to Diana by learning in school - and have been this period the process as a preparation Lady Diana for the larger task for as long as she loved and is motherhood and having children.
It was the beginning of the meeting between the aristocratic Lady Prince of Wales in 1979, when they met in one of the fishing trips where the Prince was then aged 33, his admiration of the great beauty of Lady Diana and spontaneity. This is not the first meeting that brought Charles and Diana, have met in many family gatherings and high-end concerts that took place in the palace of Al Spencer Bolthorb where the members of the royal family of distinguished guests.

Have long crossed the Queen Mother Elizabeth I Bijabha very elegantly and Literature Diana, which contributed to make it the center of the constant talk in the royal court, where the grandmother Lady Diana to her mother, Baroness Vermoi maid to the queen mother, and who was talking constantly about her granddaughter with pride and pride in front of the Queen Mother which was striving to find a bride for the heir to the British. Diana was more filters fortunate because of the proximity of her strong royal family and for being the girl a noble virgin has never set up a relationship with a young man is like the daughters of her generation and also to bring it closer to the young prince because of her frequent visits to the royal palace to visit her grandmother or the accompaniment of Charles in fishing trips and parties as he reinforced to strengthen their relationship.
And after more than a year Tarefhma, many of the leaked rumors that confirmed the proximity of the wedding of Lady Diana Prince was besieged by reporters and press photographers hoping to get an answer from Shafi Iokd Health News. Diana has become trapped in front of her house and in front of London school children where she worked, but she refused to bow to their demands to disclose the truth. Director of the school were not aware of the real character of Diana, because she did not tell them that they are the hands of aristocracy, but hid it so as to allow them to work!

Prince and Lady Diana on their wedding day the legendary

And indeed, after rumors spread of unmarried Prince decided to spread the word about his sermon on Lady Diana on 24 February 1981. Continued the sermon on Lady Diana Prince for four months until it was time for the legendary wedding which was held in the largest and most prestigious cathedrals of Britain at all and is the cathedral of St. Paul established the Royal Marriages months concerts in Britain for many centuries. Diana wore on her wedding day distinctive and which saw more than 750 million viewers around the world dress ivory inlaid with diamonds by the British designers Elizabeth and David Emanuel. And convening of marrying the Crown Prince became known as Lady Diana to Her Royal Highness Princess Diana, Princess of Wales and a large province in the west of Britain.

Princess with Ngeletma

This resulted in the royal marriage and the birth of two children and two princes Prince William and Prince Henry and Harry, who became the call rate to the name Diana, who launched it later! Was not Diana's marriage with Prince Charles Balmovq never due to his multiple out of wedlock with British women and expectant at all Mrs. Camilla Parker Bowles, which was then married to an army officer-in-arms of the British Royal and named Andrew Parker, who was also a close friend of Prince!
Did not last the happiness I dreamed of Diana with Charles!
Charles marital infidelities hit Diana's very sad and introverted, which led to her subsequent illness voracity of the food that hit very thin, and the effect that the young princess has exercised a range of diets and exercise on a daily basis under the supervision of trainer to maintain the grace and
The elimination of extreme thin that she got directly after the birth of her first child.

On 09/12/1992 separated Princess Diana and Prince Charles with the passage of time was cut off members of the royal family with the exception of Sarah Ferguson, wife of Prince Andrew at this time.

Has been a divorce in the 08/28/1996, and got Diana sum of money for a settlement of about 17 million pounds as well as to prevent her from speaking about any details, and before the days of the issuance of a decree of divorce, issued a Queen Elizabeth II's speech explicitly included general rules to regulate the names of individuals married into the royal family after the divorce, and in accordance with these rules no longer Diana married Prince Charles, and thus no longer Her Royal Highness, but still held the title of Princess of Wales.

After her divorce she returned again to the old apartment, which is located in the Palace of Kingston and remained until her death by

On Saturday night, on 30/08/1997 Diana went to the Ritz Hotel in Paris for dinner in the hotel restaurant and was Ilahakoha journalists and photographers at the scene.

In the Place de la Concorde pursuing photographers on the car in large numbers to capture images, launching the driver's car at high speed and taking the highway parallel to the Seine River and from the underpass at high speed exceeded 100 km / h, and it was not a little after entering the tunnel until he lost control completely on the car and staggered from left to right and struck the pole to the thirteenth within the tunnel, and this incident occurred at 0:25 after midnight, and had died, Henri Paul, the driver immediately after the incident were transferred Princess Diana to the hospital, but Rescue attempts failed and Diana died in a sharp 3:57 am on Sunday morning 8/31/1997 and is in the sixth and thirty years old.

King Farouk

King Farouk

I will put all of

History of King Farouk - the wives of King Farouk - the life of King Farouk - King Farouk - King Farouk I - the story of the life of King Farouk - biography of King Farouk - the wife of King Farouk - daughters of King Farouk

About King Farouk
King Farouk is the son of King Fuad I bin Khedive Ismail Pasha ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Ali Pasha, the last of the reign of Egypt from the family of Mohammed Ali, and another from the title of King. Born in Cairo, knew of them and in France and England. And King Farouk is the youngest son and the only boy with five sisters Onjbhm King Fuad I, born on February 11, 1920. Became crown prince at a young age, and chose King Fuad I of the parent Crown Prince at the title. And assume Farouk responsibility at a young age, where he took the throne in the sixth-year-old after the death of his father, King Fuad I, where behind his father on the throne of Egypt on April 28, 1936, and he was a minor has been the formation of the tutelage of his cousin, Prince Mohammed Ali Khedive Tawfiq's brother, King Fuad I, was the cause of choice is among the princes of the family the top that it was the largest princes are not, and continued duration of the Trusteeship nearly a year and three months since his mother Queen Nazli faint that the coveted Prince Mohammed Ali governance and take it for himself took an advisory opinion from Maraghi Sheikh Al-Azhar at the time that calculated AH-old history, and led to be crowned king Farouk officially on July 29, 1937, was appointed Prince Mohammed Ali Pasha, and the crown prince remained in this position until the birth of first son Farooq Ahmed Fouad. The rule of Farouk for sixteen years to be forced by revolution July 23, 1952 to cede the throne to his son, the child, Ahmed Fouad, who was then six months and that Malbut to take off, to transform Egypt from ownership to the Republic, after his abdication from the throne established Farouk in exile in Rome, the capital of Italy and was visiting them occasionally Switzerland and France, and to the fact that he died in Rome, and had been recommended to be buried in Egypt.

His wives and his sons

He married twice, the first was at the age of eighteen and that of Safinaz Zulfiqar and has changed its name to a unique after marriage, and gave birth to his three young daughters, Princess Ferial, Princess Fawzia, Princess Fadia, then divorced her and the impact of significant differences among them and between the differences is not giving birth to the heir to the throne, People have objected to the divorce and demonstrations condemning the Btalagahma. And later married his second wife, Nariman Sadeq. The time at the age of sixteen. Is that bore him Crown Prince Ahmed Fuad, who took the throne, which did not exceed six months under the tutelage of the Commission headed by Prince Mohamed Abdel Moneim after forcing his abdication from the throne under the desire of the Egyptian army under the leadership of the Free Officers, led by the commander of the Revolutionary Command Council, Major General Mohammed Naguib.

Military coup

Overthrew predestination, which were created for the Free Officers Movement, led by a group of officers was all over mechanism is the freedom of elections, the officer's club on a military coup, later named the revolution of July 1952, and forced Farouk I to abdicate to his son Fuad II, but soon canceled the Free Officers Property completely transformed the regime in Egypt from royal to republican and to deny the impact to Italy in July 26, 1952, and has not returned to Egypt after his death a year.

Leaving Egypt

At six and twenty minutes on the evening of July 26, 1952 left the King Farouk of Egypt onboard the Royal probation (which is the same yacht, which left him grandfather Khedive Ismail, when isolated from the sentence) and was seen off by General Mohammed Naguib and members of the Free Officers Movement, where he left Egypt to Italy without the slightest objection to him despite the arrogance Jamal Salim, who was holding the stick under his arm, but that Farouk had settled for wakeup known for saying, "You drop your stick in the presence of the king," referring to the infant daughter of King Ahmed Fouad II. I have apologized, Major General Mohammed Naguib, it has led officers salute and artillery struck twenty-one gun salute to King Farouk when gentleness.

His life in exile

Some believe that he lived a life of luxury and staying up late at his exile, and he had many mistresses, including British author Barbara Skelton, but opinion is likely to top historians and authors believed that Farooq was a loving loyal to his homeland and people. Perhaps that unfolds in he leaves the country without the slightest objection with that British forces in Egypt, then offered him to intervene to suppress the movement of these officers but he refused and agreed to waive the rule and leave Egypt.

And death

King Farouk, died in Italy with 1965, has stated that he was assassinated by poison at a restaurant in Italy. We have recommended that he be buried in Egypt, Abdel Nasser refused this request at the time, but President Anwar Sadat had been allowed so that after the transfer of his remains were buried in Egypt in the Rifai mosque and night under tight security and confidentiality very

Born King Faruq in 1921, when his father died, King Fouad in April 1936 his successor on the throne, but he was a child had not reached the age to qualify for the rule constitute the Trusteeship Council from each of the Prince Muhammad Ali, Aziz Ezzat Pasha and Sheriff Sabry Pasha. To recognize the full constitutional powers in the July 29, 1937.

Ruled Egypt from 28 April 1936 to be a waiver of the throne in July 26, 1952

Farouk and remains king of the country, which retained its independence from Britain is full

The House last or the last section of the family of Muhammad Ali is the house of King Fouad and King Farouk's father, the last king of Egypt, and this house enjoys the attention of its members of the Egyptian people, especially since he ruled Egypt for a long time before the July Revolution and one of its members to ascend the throne of Egypt.

However, it is constantly there is a desire and nostalgia, to follow up the news and princesses Npilat this section, along with curiosity to know the whims and Loves of King Farouk, even if the alleged ..

He seems to be the current generation and the previous did not know anything about the family of Muhammad Ali Sui King Farouk and his sons, sisters, wives and especially unique and Nariman ..
In this section the remains of Prince Ahmed Fouad II, who lives in Paris since he traveled to it after the abolition of the monarchy for a period of months and remained the property under the trusteeship is still a baby, and receive higher education abroad,

Went through financial crises, especially after the departure of his father, King Farouk and the depletion of his savings, and Ahmed Fouad separated recently from his wife Jewish, which changed its name to 'virtue' after its name was 'Dominique France Picard' faces Ahmed Fouad specter that his children are Jewish by association, and they are Muhammad Ali 22 years old and who Born in Cairo, with the consent of President Sadat, who agreed to the arrival of Ahmad and his wife to be born son in Cairo, and his second daughter 'Fawzia' 19 years old, whose real name is 'nice' and had participated two years ago in a fashion show charity in Paris among a group of the daughters of princes in the the world ..

The 16-year-Fakhr al-Din, the third son of Ahmed Fouad, propagated born in Casablanca, Morocco, the personal invitation of King Hassan II of Morocco ..

Ahmed Fouad, King Farouk I of his second wife, Queen Nariman, who had dreamed Farouk Bindjabh since he ascended to the throne ..

No one knows members of the family of Muhammad Ali secret abandon his Jewish wife (Dominique France Picard) than ..

The sisters Ahmed Fouad Princesses Ferial, Fawzia, Fadia now living in Switzerland, who are girls Farouk from his first wife Queen 'unique', 'Safinaz Zulfiqar' which had before departure in order to gain strength from the paintings that were configured and you are selling, and visited Egypt in the mid-nineties before departure ..

When the revolution of July 1952, the age of 13.12, 8 years, was Ahmad Fuad-old not to exceed six months ..

Farouk princesses and escorted him to Italy to live away from their mother 'unique', which was feared to travel to Rome to see her daughters for fear of losing the Egyptian nationality,

But after they move to Switzerland was to travel a lot to see them, and when she died I attended the three princesses to accompany her body to his final resting place ..

And Princess Ferial when she was 23 years and specifically in 1962 and fell in love with man who works as a painter, he is doing decorations for Villa summer of her father King Farouk in Naples, and refused to marry him, she joined the Faculty of secretarial and worked as a secretary and a school for machine writer ..

When King Farouk signed in gr famous opera singer (Irma Canosa) and invited them to stay in the villa, the three princesses left the resort to the famous family of Muhammad Ali, Switzerland ..

Her sister Fadia has got married in 1960 from the person francs of Russian origin, the most famous conversion to Islam at Al-Azhar after he came to Cairo for this purpose, and gave birth to 'comprehensive' and 'Ali' and are in their thirties now, and has her husband's farm for breeding Arabian horses and help her sisters ..

And the three princesses aged 62 years old now Ferial, Fawzia and 61 years old, and Fadia 57 years old while the age Hqigahn Ahmed Fouad, 49 years old ..

While not married Princess Fawzia, who was working as a translator and worked in the field of tourism ..

On the other hand married Queen Nariman and mother of Prince Ahmed Fouad after the revolution of Dr. Adham Captain and live with him in Heliopolis, and gave birth to a doctor 'Akram' now lives in Alexandria, when his marriage came Ahmed Fouad specially to attend the wedding of his brother from his mother in Alexandria ..

On the other hand, the Princess Fawzia, who married the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and after the divorce and the crisis the famous signed between Egypt and Iran because of this divorce, I have got married after her divorce from 'Ismail Shireen' last secretary of war in Egypt before the revolution of July 1952, and live with him now Smouha area of ??Alexandria, and refuses to talk with a completely ..!!

That the revolution of July 23, 1952, which overthrew Farouk and forced him to cede the throne to his son Ahmed Fouad II of the Child. This document was signed in Ras El-Teen Palace in July 26, 1952. He left the country to Italy, where he died 1965 and buried in Egypt in the Rifai Mosque.
From July 26, 1952 to the proclamation of the Republic in June 18, 1953

King Ahmed Fouad II was born in Cairo in 1951 ceded to it by his father Farouk abdicated in the July 26, 1952. After the revolution and formed the Committee on Trusteeship for the throne of Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim, Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha and the district office Rashad Mehanna that declared the Republic on June 18, 1953.

Mohamed Anwar Sadat

Mohamed Anwar Sadat - a man of war and peace
About Sadat
Anwar Sadat lived life to Egypt, he gave them a moment of old days, not a drop of blood donated by his life and so the idea of ??Egypt was never live in his conscience. And a trip struggle President Sadat image pulsating with love for his people and his homeland as line had history since birth Mit Abul Kom and include it in education until he graduated officers from the Military Academy and entered the prison and his prominent role in the revolution of July, and he took several positions to give the presidency to achieve his country's finest achievements. President Sadat was born on December 25, 1918 in the village of Mit Abul Kom Menofia. He was educated first in the village book by Sheikh Abdul Hamid Isa. And then go to primary school, the Copts Btok Dlka and received the certificate of primary in 1935 he joined the military school to complete his postgraduate studies.
In 1938 graduated from the Military Academy lieutenant Tan. He was appointed in the city of Mnaqbad southern Egypt.
Sadat was influenced early in his life a number of political figures and popular in Egypt and the world, has contributed to this effect in the formation of his striving personality and shaping his political aspirations for Egypt.
Year 1941 Sadat was jailed for the first time during his military service due to repeated meetings with Aziz Pasha of Egypt, who asked Sadat to help him to escape to Iraq, then asked him to military intelligence break with a loved one Egyptian leanings core, is that Sadat had not ignored this warning and hence was jailed again in February 1942. Sadat was released from prison foreigners at a time when World War II operations at the most, and hoping to expel the British from Egypt stepped Sadat contacts with some German officers who had sneaked into a hidden, discovered the British this link between Sadat and the Germans entered the prison inmates for the second time in 1943. Sadat managed to escape from custody and was accompanied on a trip to escape his friend Hassan Ezzat and the work of Sadat during the period of his escape from prison as a porter at a car transfer under a fake name "Haji" Mohammed "In late 1944 he moved to the town of Abu large eastern region to become a worker in an irrigation canal project. In 1945 with the end of World War II in 1945 fell martial law and the fall of the martial law Sadat returned to his home after three years of stalking and deprivation. Met Sadat in the period, the association of confidentiality, which decided the assassination of Amin Osman, Minister of Finance in the government delegation, "February 4, 1942-October 8, 1944," Chairman of the Society Egyptian Friendship British deep sympathy with the British, following the assassination of Amin Osman returned Sadat again and a final to jail cell "54" in prison Qurmidan Sadat faced the most difficult ordeals prison incarcerating him incommunicado, however, escaped the first defendant in the case, "Hussein Tawfiq" of evidence and not to drop the criminal charge against him Sadat Vofarag
After that he worked Sadat auditor "news magazine photographer until December 1948
In 1949 this year separated from his first wife and provide for the sermon, Jehan Safwat Raouf and between the engagement and get married in 1949 Sadat entrepreneurs work with his friend Hassan Ezzat
Sadat in 1950 he returned to his army help his old colleague, Dr. Youssef Rashad doctor of King Farouk.
In 1951 formed the founding committee of the secret organization in the army, which is defined later organized the Free Officers joined in Sadat to it, and events developed in Egypt very quickly Between 1951-1952, Vofatt government delegation "in January 1950 - January 1952" the 1936 Treaty after the fire broke out the famous Cairo in January 1952 and sacked the king and the Ministry of copper last. And in 1952 In the spring of this year prepared the leadership of the Free Officers of the Revolution, On July 21, Jamal Abdel Nasser to Anwar Sadat at the headquarters of his unit in El-Arish, summoning him to Cairo to take part in the revolution of the army against the King and the British. The revolution erupted and Anwar Sadat, his voice a statement of the Revolution, after which he was assigned to carry close to the Abdication of King Farouk.
In 1953 in this year established the Revolutionary Command Council, the Republic and the newspaper he was assigned to the editor in chief.
In 1954 with its first ministerial formation in the revolutionary government Sadat assumed the post of Minister of State in September 1954.
And in 1957 was elected a member of the National Assembly followed by the Department for a period of three sessions.
In 1960 was elected Chairman of the Council of the Nation of 21/07/1960 to 27/09/1961, and the president, "to the nation for the second period of 03/29/1964 to 12-11 -
1968.
In 1961 was appointed president "of the Council of the Afro-Asian solidarity.
In 1969, chosen by the leader Gamal Abdel Nasser as his deputy until on September 28, 1970.
Continued the mandate of President Sadat of Egypt for 11 years, during which he took Sadat several historic decisions seriously shook the world and confirmed each other on the strength of Sadat in the face of events and flexibility super Mvadap Egypt grave dangers, where he built a strategy in the decision-making on the basis of historical attributed to him which was "not valid However, right. "and in 1971 he made a late President Sadat, a crucial decision the elimination of the centers of power in Egypt, which knew a revolution patch in the May 15, 1971, save the human Egyptian from the grip of Legends dictatorship that controlled their own destiny, and in the same year, Sadat new constitution for Egypt.
1972, Sadat Balistgina about 17,000 Russian expert in one week to restore confidence of the army of Egypt, even if they win the battle, the Egyptians are not credited to others.
In 1973, the oldest Sadat to take the most dangerous fateful decisions for him and his country, a decision that the war against Israel, promising a war with Sadat, the first day of taking office in October 1970 drove Egypt to the first military victory in modern times
In 1974, Sadat decided to shape a new renaissance of Egypt after the war, its openness to the world was the decision to open up the economy.
1975 completed the process of openness to the world Egypt was his decision to return to the Suez Canal navigation and linking Egypt to all parts of the world has created a new resource that Sadat bountiful profits pumped into the economy of Egypt

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser .. Through the hopes and pains

(On the anniversary of his birth: the other 2 Spring 1336 e)

Samir Halabi



Nasser .. Absent present

Has not been a national figure or a popular leadership in the history of modern Egypt as far from controversy and received personal attention as Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Valbergm which was rumored about the dictatorship of Abdel Nasser and tyranny Bmardih, it has remained has Bjmahirip unprecedented and sweeping popular even among the generation that did not Iezareth, attributed to the heroism and glory, and woven around the stories amount to myths; until he became like one of the heroes of folklore, not in the minds of the Egyptians only; but in the consciousness and conscience of the Arab nation along the diameter of the Gulf to the ocean.

Despite the move towards a half-century of revolution, and more than thirty years of his death, it remains always present, absent all pros and cons.

The birth of "Nasser" and its origins

Born "Gamal Abdel Nasser" in Alexandria prior to the revolution of 1335 AH = 1919, which shook Egypt, and moved the conscience of the Egyptians, and fueled the revolution and national in their hearts, and sent the spirit of resistance against the colonizers.

His father was a "Abdel Nasser Hussain Khalil Sultan" had moved from his village, "built over" in Assiut; to act as an agent of the post office in Alexandria, Backus, was married to "Mrs. Fahima" daughter of "Mohammed Hammad," known coal merchant in Alexandria.

In his father's house - No. 12 Poet Dr Kanawati - Backus was born in the district (the other 2 of the Spring 1336 e = 16 January 1918).

His father was always traveling and moving from one town to another; Given the nature of his job was to make it that much does not remain in place.

"Beauty" in the house of his uncle

No sooner had eight-year-old until his mother died in (18 Ramadan 1344 H = 2, April 1926) which give birth, IV, "Shawki", was his uncle, "Khalil", which employs a staff of Endowments in Cairo, married a while ago, but it is not alive and the children, found in the sons of his brother's paternity missing and longing for lasting to children; took them with him to Cairo; to live with him, providing them with care and stability after the death of their mother.

After more than seven years on the death of "Mrs. Fahima" married Abdel Nasser of "Mrs. Malik Mustafa" in the city of Suez years (1352 e = 1933), and then he was transferred to Cairo to be enjoined to mail in the neighborhood "Khernfc" between the Uzbek and Abbasid ; where a rented house owned by Egyptian Jews, go "beauty" and his brothers to live with their father, after the transfer of his uncle, "Khalil" to one of the villages in Mahala, and was at that time students in first grade secondary school.

Jamal in his military career

When he got on the beauty of a baccalaureate degree from a school in Cairo, Egyptian Revival in the year (1356 AH = 1937), he longed to study law, but soon decided to enter the military academy, after spending a few months to study law.

Entered the military academy, was not college students as young as 90 students, known among his peers and his teachers Bastqamth and pride in himself and his inclination to a life seriously.

After graduating at the Military Academy the year (1357 = 1938) joined the Third Battalion Rifles, and was transferred to "Mnaqbad" in Assiut; Anouar where he met with Sadat, and Zakaria Mohiuddin.

In the year (1358 = 1939) was transferred to Alexandria, and there are known Abdel Hakim Amer, who had graduated in the next installment of his military academy, in the year (1361 = 1942) was transferred to the camp of El-Alamein, and soon moved to Sudan and with Amer.

When he returned from Sudan, he was appointed an instructor in the Military Academy, he joined the Faculty and Staff; He met during his studies with his colleagues who founded the organization "Free Officers".

Rebels and the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine war

The period between (1364 = 1945) and (1366 e = 1947 m) is the real start to form the nucleus of the Free Officers; was most of the officers, who have become - as yet - the Executive Committee of Free Officers, working in many of the units near Cairo, and was strong ties to their colleagues; Vksbwa including their supporters.

The War (1367 = 1948 AD) was the spark that ignited the determination of these officers to revolt against corruption, after the catastrophe suffered by the Arab world in Palestine.

In the meantime, many of these officers already engaged in the ranks of the "Muslim Brotherhood", who had a prominent role in the Palestine war, and strengthened the relationship here between the "Muslim Brotherhood" and military officers, especially the Free Officers.

The emergence of the Free Officers




Nasser .. Dictator in the eyes of his critics leader in the eyes of his fans

In the summer of 1368 = 1949 matured the idea of ​​establishing a revolutionary organization in secret in the army, and formed the founding committee included at the beginning of only five members, they are: Gamal Abdel Nasser, Kamal El Din Hussein, Hassan Ibrahim, Khalid Mohiuddin, Abdul Munim Abdul Rauf, and then increased thereafter to ten, having joined by: Anwar Sadat, Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul-Latif Baghdadi, Zakaria Mohiuddin, and Jamal Salim. Remained outside the Commission of: Tharwat Okasha, Ali Sabri, Yousef Mansour friend.

At that time, was appointed Gamal Abdel Nasser, an instructor at Staff College, and gave him the rank of Bekbashy (submitted), after receiving a Diploma of Staff General (1370 = 1951) following his return from the war in Palestine, and had been trapped and a group of his comrades in the "Fallujah "More than four months, and the number of air raids during the siege raid 220.

Returned after seeing a particular death, claiming the lives of his soldiers and his colleagues, who refused to surrender to the Jews, and resist, despite the violent siege, limited, and fought Pfdaiip rare and starring unique; until the lifting of the blockade (Jumada II 1368 = March 1949).

Access to power

In (the first night of November 1371 = 23 July 1952), the revolution; not met little resistance, and did not fall into that night, but only two casualties, two soldiers who were killed when the storm into the GC.

The Free Officers had chosen "Mohamed Naguib," head of the movement, and that he has a respect and appreciation of military officers; for a reputed and patriotism, as well as being a high rank in the army, which supports the revolution and gives great support; either by the officers, or by the masses of the people.

Abdel-Nasser is the actual head of the founding committee of the Free Officers; and then grew up a fierce power struggle between him and Mohamed Naguib, just that ends with Abdel Nasser in his favor in (17 Rabi I 1374 AH = 14 November 1954), after he was arrested Mohammed Najib , and select his residence at his home in a humiliating manner, and by himself alone power.

Abdel Nasser and the Muslim Brotherhood .. The liquidation of opponents

He was able to make a deal with Britain for the evacuation of its troops in Egypt (21 Safar 1374 AH, 19 October 1954).

It soon ran into a group "Muslim Brotherhood" (allies of yesterday), who contributed greatly to the success of the revolution and the consolidation of its foundations, what they enjoyed great popularity from the base and the impact of a strong rally.

Abdel Nasser, arrested thousands of members of that group; Flaqgua forms of torture and abuse, and have held mock trials, ended in the execution number of the symbols of the Islamic trend, such as: the return of Abdul Qadir, Mohammad Farghali, and Sayyid Qutb ...

And began a campaign of liquidation of other dissidents, including communists, and spread to different syndicates; has been resolved Bar Council (the first May 1374 = 26 December 1954), and then followed by the Union of Journalists of the year (1375 = 1955).

Supporting the liberation movements in the Arab World

And head Abdel Nasser, after that settled him things, to achieve greater political gains at both the Arab and global levels; You can help play a significant role in the support and the support of the national liberation movements, and called for Arab unity in the face of alliances and blocs, the Western Conference was "Bandung," the year (1375 AH = 1955) point of departure to the outside world and the adoption of a policy of non-aligned, and raising the banner of positive neutrality, the rejection of political subordination of the major states, also called for resistance to alliances that aim to control the Arab countries.

The Abd Al-Nasser played a prominent role in supporting the Algerian revolution and the adoption of the liberation of the Algerian people in international forums, and also sought to achieve Arab unity; was the experience of unity between Egypt and Syria (Shaaban 1377 AH = February 1958) under the name "United Arab Republic", has been assumed is presidency after the waiver of the Syrian president "Shukri al-" to him from power, but it did not last more than three years.

Also supported Nasser's coup d'état carried out by "Abdullah wires" in Yemen year (1382 AH = 1962), and sent some 70 thousand troops to Yemen, which has led to strained relations between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, and has had bad effects that the depletion of Egypt's resources and weakening its military strength , and was the most severe consequences of such heavy military defeat suffered by the armed forces in the war (1387 = 1967).

Trend towards industrialization

Egypt has witnessed in the period from the early sixties to the pre setback economic revival and a large industrial, after the state began a new trend towards controlling the sources of production and means, through the expansion of the nationalization of banks and big companies and factories, and the establishment of a number of industrial projects, large, were concerned with Abdel Nasser the establishment of schools and hospitals, and provide employment opportunities for the people, culminating in the whole building the High Dam, which is the most important and greatest accomplishments at all; where fever Egypt from the dangers of floods, and also to increase the cultivated area by about one million acres, in addition to what has characterized as the first source to generate Electricity in Egypt, which provides energy for plants and major industrial projects.

Freedom and political life in the era of Nasser

Although the state of stability experienced by the country, and the growing political influence and the leadership role and popular Abdel Nasser, the expansion of their oppressive Bmardih, and gone to abuse them, and adults from repression and hostility of the elite society of intellectuals, politicians, even the writers and creators, who found in their thoughts a departure from the system that chosen to follow by all, and approaches drawn to cling to the Multazam omnes; did not believe in pluralism, or other opinion, did not allow another voice to rise elsewhere.

Summarized all the symbols and names in the same person, and dominated dictatorship to all; became Nasser's Egypt is, as he became the Nasser revolution is a symbol of freedom and struggle.

Growing role as far as reduced space of freedom available, the revolution is no longer a fledgling need protection and care so as not to invalidate the conspirators and in wait, and no longer suppress freedoms in order to maintain the revolution and the gains of socialism, but it became designated times and feature provision.

In spite of the broad-based election and Rant Bmcolat socialism and the rule of the people and political practices, the parliaments have seen underdeveloped and clear in their performance; was dominated by the ruling political party, a "Socialist Union" on the reins of power, and became the pride of affiliation is the only crossing to enter the parliament, also lost judicial independence In that period, following the formation of a number of special courts to consider certain issues; Vtm formation of the Revolutionary Court, the Court of treachery, and the People's Court and others, has been the legislative authority of the executive branch altogether.

And tried to Abdel Nasser, the introduction of the judiciary in the political organization, and re-drafting of restructuring the judiciary through the introduction of elements of non-members, and when challenged by the judiciary; rejecting that direction, the massacre of the judiciary famous; stallion men, at the same time established the Supreme Constitutional Court to monitor the constitutionality of laws, and the abolition of what comes out is incompatible with the principles of the Constitution.

Abdel Nasser in his private life

The testimony of his opponents a fair and lasting yet high energy and away from favoritism or influence peddling, and was careful not to distinguish one from his family for the rest of the people.

As he stood by the values ​​and principles, maintaining the traditions; When he visited Greece in the year (13 809 e 1960) refused to put his hands in the hands of Queen of Greece; even his wife does not have to adhere to the Protocol is the other, and do like it with the king of Greece.

Did not show his wife, Mrs. "greeting Kazim" in public life only in the late; even year (1379 AH = 1959) did not appear only in the two shows officials.

He was terrified of the life of palaces, and always justified by saying: "In the Palace will live all of us in the private wing, and thus will become disjointed family, but here in our house we all live together and eat together and reassure all of us on the other."

And remains in office until the early hours of dawn, while his wife was sitting in the corner of his office are running the same room embroidery or needlework; so as not to leave him with it in the same household.

From defeat to step down

The defeat (1387 = 1967) as the earthquake that shook the whole of Egypt, it was the biggest defeat suffered military defeat in Egypt in modern history.

This was not the war is the first episodes of the Egyptian-Israeli conflict; had been preceded by several rounds, the first Palestine war that the resolution of treachery and employment and treason results in favor of the Zionist enemy greedy in the land of Palestine and the Arab-Muslim, then it was an incident in Gaza (5 Rajab 1374 AH = 28 February 1955), when Israel killed 42 soldiers Egyptians, and Israel resulted in ugly face and overt hostility in the tripartite aggression against Egypt in the year (1386 = 1956). In the war (1387 = 1967) Egypt lost 10 thousand fighters, and 1500 officers, and about 80% of its military forces, have been destroyed the Egyptian air force and the occupation of Sinai.

That prompted a stinging defeat Abdel Nasser to the Declaration of stepping down from power, and willingness to bear the consequences; because he considers himself primarily responsible for what happened to the country; went public asking him to stay and invites him to reverse his decision to step down.

And quickly changed the idea of ​​stepping down, and took quick steps towards the liquidation of the centers of power and the rebuilding of the army, which was destroyed by the defeat, and began to stage a serious war of attrition against Israel, he was fighting from behind to strikes blow to Israel; order to drain its power, and try to rebuild confidence in the hearts of Egyptians, and continued the war until (Jumada II 1390 H = August 1970) after the "Rogers".

Fratricidal strife

And to broadcast to the Arab nation ravaged by the winds of war again, but this time it was a war between brothers; the war broke out between Jordan and the Palestinians in the (zero 1390 = April 1970).

Abdel Nasser, and make great efforts to contain the situation, and dealing with the disaster; called to convene an Arab summit; to stop the bloodshed between brothers, and put an end to war and conflict, and clear the air among the Arabs.

On the day of the Conference, which ended Abdel Nasser died suddenly, after Egypt and let the other guests participating in this Conference (27 Rajab 1390 = 28 September 1970).

Mohamed Hosni Mubarak

Mr. Mohamed Hosni Mubarak, Mr. Ibrahim

Born on May 4, 1928
Popular name Hosni Mubarak. Took over the presidency of Egypt in the October 14, 1981, the fourth President of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Came to the throne in Egypt after the assassination of late Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in October 6, 1981 and thus his reign of the longest periods of governance in the Arab region. March as head of Egypt's important role in the Arab region and knew his neutral position in the negotiations Filstinipalisraiilip.

His life

Hosni Mubarak was born in Kafr Meselha in Al, and after finishing his secondary education, he joined the military academy where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in hostilities. In 1950, he joined the Faculty of the Air Force paid and issued a certificate of Bachelor's science of aviation. Include in the career ladder in 1964 delegation was led by the Egyptian military of the Soviet Union. Between 1967 and 1972, and during the war of attrition between Egypt and Israel, was appointed Mubarak, director of the College of Air Staff of the Egyptian Air Force, in 1972 became commander of the Air Force and Deputy Minister of Defence. In October 1973 , led the Egyptian Air Force during the Yom Kippur War. In April 1975, Mubarak was appointed vice-president Anwar Sadat. In 1981, after the assassination of Sadat on October 6, Mubarak was elected by the members of the Egyptian People's Council Chairman of the Arab Republic of Egypt, and Chairman of the National Democratic Party.

Mubarak is married to Susan for a fixed and known to Suzanne Mubarak, a dual nationality as the mother is a nurse from Wales UK, and has two sons Alaa and Gamal Mubarak, Mubarak also has two grandchildren.
Expected to inherit his son Gamal, the rule of Egypt and there seems to be some things that no one could report on it.

Egypt under Mubarak's rule

Re-elected president of the republic through a referendum on the presidency in 1987, 1993 and 1999 and 2005 for five consecutive periods and suspected by many in the legality of the referendum because the constitution does not allow multi-candidate and thus his reign of the longest periods of governance in the Arab region. In February 2005, Hosni Mubarak to amend Article 76 of the Egyptian Constitution, which regulates how to choose the President of the Republic and the People's Assembly vote in favor of this constitutional amendment, which make direct presidential election and referendum is not as it was in the past. And charged him with fierce criticism by the movements of political opposition in Egypt, such as the adequacy of its commitment to governance, especially before the last renewal, which saw the election of a number of candidates for the first time (most notably Ayman Nour and Noman Gomaa) is described by the Egyptian government integrity, and by the opposition, the play comic intended appease the United States of America.

Constitutional amendment to elect the President

Although the amendment was in accordance with the mechanisms and constitutional means which allows the constitutional system of Egypt but he has been associated with the amendment and a political controversy and the emergence of political opposition to the amendment and that the conditions set for candidates, which makes running for office is very difficult. Which some see as consistent with the need for maintenance the presidency and put safeguards People's candidacy, opposition to the amendment adopted by the strong popularity of many to the Egyptian opposition parties and although it entered Bkiedadtha the electoral process for president the same constitutional mechanism which rejected it, and has won Hosni Mubarak in this election by a large margin from the reality of the polls despite the skepticism opposition in their credibility, and her claim Isteiabha a lot of abuses and electoral bribery in extensive and intensive.
Has been emphasized by some scholars Aldsturion that what happened in Egypt to open the door to run and choose between more than one candidate is a historic event in accordance with the constitutional model which they call in their books since the existence of the current constitution. With some reservations legal to have, because of the belief of some constitutional that people people running for president is not their political maturity, members of local councils. But the response of the scholars of constitutional others that members of local councils elected by the people directly elected, in the sense that they represent the people and are considered deputies from them, and that this nomination carries a basic guarantee that the people directly elected is determined by the President. Though there are those who say that what happened is the scenario of a hereditary .
And unexpectedly, in his State of the Union address on January 31 2006 given by George W. Bush U.S. president, said in reviewing the conditions of the world praising the experience of democracy in many countries, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia. In contrast to the usual criticism of Bush for all